PSYCHOLOGICAL BARRIERS TO CRIME REPORTING AMONG VICTIMS: A CONCEPTUAL REVIEW

Abstract

Victimization resulting from property or violent crime has significant psychological consequences that extend beyond the immediate physical impact of the offence. Victims often experience trauma, anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which hinder their ability to engage effectively with the criminal justice system, particularly in reporting crimes. This study appraises the barriers to crime reporting among victims and examines how response and prevention mechanisms influence the effectiveness of the criminal justice system, while also analysing the psychological impact of these barriers. The study adopts a conceptual review approach, relying on secondary data and qualitative content analysis. Findings reveal that key psychological barriers to crime reporting include fear, shame, emotional trauma, and mistrust of law enforcement. Fear of retaliation, especially in cases of domestic violence and sexual assault, and the stigma associated with victimization significantly discourage reporting. Secondary victimization, where victims are blamed or disbelieved by authorities, further reinforces reluctance to report. Additionally, distrust of police, particularly in marginalized communities, contributes to underreporting. Psychological responses such as fear, anxiety, PTSD, and emotional numbing suppress disclosure, as victims often feel powerless or trapped in ongoing abuse. The study highlights interventions such as trauma-informed policing, anonymous reporting, and community policing as effective strategies for reducing these barriers. These approaches promote safer environments for victims and improve engagement with the justice system. Strengthening victim support services and institutional trust is essential for enhancing reporting and breaking the cycle of re-victimization. The study concludes that addressing crime underreporting requires an integrated approach that simultaneously tackles psychological barriers and strengthens institutional trust, thereby enhancing victims' access to justice and improving the effectiveness of the criminal justice system.